Analysis Of Shakespeare s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello And...

English 3.7: Achievement Standard 91478 Introduction Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. Through analysing four tragedy texts by Shakespeare, I have noticed he uses the fall of the main character as the primary focus in his tragedies as this creates good suspense and climax as an added attraction for the audience. A Shakespearean tragedy, is a five-act play and they usually revolve around a similar idea of conflict. This is the Internal and external Conflict within the character. The four plays I have chosen to analyse are; King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth. I chose these plays specifically because they all have universal themes which depict human emotions. They contain very important messages about internal and†¦show more content†¦King Lear’s pride and anger, and Hamlet s inability to act. These personality flaws lead to tragic ends for the characters. Although fate can play a role in these plays, the downfall of each protagonist is most likely due to some personal error of judgement. Also kno wn as hamartia (the Greek word). In the situation of Macbeth, we see a Scottish general who told by a trio of witches he was to be King of Scotland in the near coming future. His desire for power and position to be king was more important than anything else as he wanted to get possession of the throne. One important key issue in Macbeth and Othello is how at the beginning they have a good reputation as a soldier. The results of war however, bring out negative emotions such as anger and violence. And in some cases, the downfall of a character is his inability to control the emotions that surface their exterior, especially anger and greed. The traits which make Macbeth an effective soldier, particularly his ambition and need for violence, also lead him to seek and keep the crown through violent and selfish ways. The positive traits of Shakespeare’s tragic heroes often become the dark forces which drive them. The contrast with Hamlet’s rationality in his â€Å"to be or not to be† speech, and his anger in the scene inside Gertrude’s closet,Show MoreRelatedOthello Character Analysis1555 Words   |  7 Pagesinherent weakness lies in his linguistic capabilities, the very same capabilities Othello uses to win over Desdemona, and to defend himself during his tr ial in front of the duke. In Smith’s reading, Othello only reverts to his barbarian state when experiencing extreme pressure, as he lacks the other means to express the futility of what is felt, which results in violence. However, when a closer look is taken at what Othello knows about the culture he has tried to hard to assimilate to, it can be seenRead More Locating Macbeth at the Thresholds of Time, Space and Spiritualism 2629 Words   |  11 Pagesdefined not by the analysis of a subject’s symptoms, but rather the shared assumption that a subject is not ‘right’, does not conform to the prevailing ideological norm. Written in the late twentieth century, his work is a treatise about the wider cultural effects produced by a policy of confinement of the social outsider. Three centuries earlier, William Shakespeare completed and staged what are now considered the greatest and most evil of all his tragedies, the tragedy of Macbeth. Themes of witchcraftRead MoreThe Controversial Ending of King Lear by William Shakespeare Essays1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Controversial Ending of King Lear by William Shakespeare Few Shakespearean plays have caused the controversy that is found with King Lear’s ending scenes. Othello kills himself, Macbeth is executed, and of course in hamlet, everyone dies. Lear, however, is different from other Shakespearean classics. Is Lear mad or lucid? Is Cordelia really dead? Is Edmund’s delay explainable? What is the nature of the Lear world that occasioned all of this? How does Knight’s thesis relate to the endingRead MoreResponse to Sexuality, Witchcraft and Violence in Macbeth by Dennis Biggins1613 Words   |  7 PagesEH 304 Late Shakespeare 10/10/2011 â€Å"Sexuality, Witchcraft, and Violence in Macbeth, by Dennis Biggins Summary: In this article, Biggins focuses on several themes, both obvious and discreet, within the plot of Macbeth. Biggins disputes other critics opinions that sexuality has little thematic importance in Macbeth, stating that the play is immersed in sexuality through both violent and mystical indications. Other critics refer to the play as the purest of Shakespeare s tragedies,Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil compared toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Is Highly Regarded For His Literary1969 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is highly regarded for his literary works and one of the greatest studied authors in literature. However, there is hardly any record of Shakespeare’s childhood, other than he was born around the time of his baptism that took place on April 26th, 1564, and attended Stratford grammar school, where he studied classical writings and Latin. Though we know very little about his education or what prompted his writings, we do know that around the year 1594 Shakespeare was a member ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 2603 Words   |  11 PagesMalouin 11 Measuring a Life in a Drama When many people think of William Shakespeare, they think of plays like Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth or Hamlet. One of the most influential plays written by Shakespeare is not one listed above. The play that reflects the life and all of Shakespeare?s plays is The Tempest. This work was and still is influential in both America, Britain and around the world. Although William Shakespeare was an influential writer in American and British literature, The Tempest

The Systems Development Life Cycle Free Essays

A structure that a business uses to collect, manage, store, process, retrieve, and report financial data to accountants, consultants, high ranking corporate officers, or tax agencies is the prime definition of an accounting information system. Accounting information systems are responsible for every facet of numerical data in a company and a malfunction could potentially cause a disaster within the corporation. Accountants have different roles in working with accounting information systems including design, implementation, usage, and ownership. We will write a custom essay sample on The Systems Development Life Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now These rolls help accountants keep track of a company’s budget and other financial documents such as quarterly reports. Accountants also use the different information technology systems in a company to put together reports to persuade investors to keep their money in the company stock or persuade potential investors why placing their money in this company is a good financial decision. Thoroughly studying a large accounting information system can be a very tedious job; for this reason, companies put together teams to analyze and handle the development work implementations to the different information technologies in a corporation. Systems study groups begin with a formal analysis of the technology in order to see what issues are present in the software or hardware, what implementations need to take place, and how to proceed with the repair or update. This step is known as the planning and investigation stage and is the first stage when determining the route to take when working with the specific company technology. After this preliminary stage, and the systems study group is chosen, the analysis stage takes place to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the particular unit. The next stage, known in the book as â€Å"design,† is when the systems study group determines how to precisely remove a system’s weaknesses while maintain the system’s strengths. If I was working on a project for a company, I would follow this exact model in determining how to gain optimal output from an information system. The final stage in the systems development life cycle is implementation, follow up, and maintenance and in this stage the company periodically checks on the information system to make sure it is still performing optimally. After making sure the implementation is properly installed, I would do a follow up examination every six months to make sure the system in functioning properly and to determine if further implementation needs to take place to update the system. After the implementation is successfully installed and has been followed up on, the new mission is to locate further challenges the corporation may face, whether it be dated information systems, or the data produced by the information system that affects the company such as budgets and quarterly reports. Challenges that may face a company include: loosing capital on technology that is not the most efficient for the corporation, loosing capital on an unnecessary implementation or company investment, internal fraud, unseen information system malfunctions. When a system study group is formed and the steering committee, high ranking group of top managers that lead the project or projects, determines the best route for the study group to proceed, data should be gathered to properly assess the situation. The five sources of data come from reviewing existing documentation, observing the current system in operation, using open and closed ended questionnaires, reviewing internal control procedures, and interviewing the different participants who have either worked with the system being implemented or done a similar job in the past. The data gathering and data analysis process can effectively reduce the chance of possible future challenges for the company or information system. Any system that is outdated, costing the company more money than necessary or malfunctions needs to be replaced or implemented. If a system is outdated, competitor companies who have the same technology will update their systems and be at an advantage thus, if the corporation I was working for had outdated software, I would recommend an upgrade or replacement. Some system operations fees have the potential to bankrupt a company, especially if the technology is drawing a large amount of energy. Malfunctions cannot be tolerated because they are a threat to important company data and financial paper work. The information held on an accounting information system is extremely important and any loss of documentation would result for a copious amount of which would have to be carried out by managers in the human and production resources department as well as a tedious job for the company team of accountants and executives. How to cite The Systems Development Life Cycle, Essays

Methodology Essay Example Essay Example

Methodology Essay Example Paper Methodology Essay Introduction In class we have been researching tourism and national parks. We have studied how tourism, due to national parks, has affected small market towns. Ashbourne, a small market town in the Peak District, is an example of this.As the Peak District is the most popular national park in the country we decided to visit Ashbourne, to see how tourism has affected the town.The aim of our visit to Ashbourne was to see how the town has changed and to find out the reasons behind this.To help me gain this information I have created four key questions: How much does the popularity of the Peak District effect Ashbourne? How do the local people feel about the situation? Who is benefiting from tourism in Ashbourne? Is Ashbourne more suitable for tourists or local people?I have asked these questions because they will enable me to establish how Ashbourne has changed and what effects the changes have made.To find out how Ashbourne has changed we used a number of methods. To help us get our information more accurate, we labelled different areas of Ashbourne sites 1-6.We firstly filled in a land-use map, which was a blank outline street map and filled in all the shops and businesses. We did this because it helped us to find out who the target audience were for each shop or business.By knowing the target audience we could then decide if the establishment was there for tourists or local people.A limitation with our land-use map was that it only included the shops at ground floor level also it was confusing because the map was numbered and not all of the buildings were.Another method we used was taking car registration numbers. To do this we wrote down a lot of registration numbers from cars parked in Ashbourne. We did this to help us locate where people may have travelled from. With the new style registration plates, E.g. KK04 VMW. The first two letters indicate where the car was registered; in this example it would be the Luton area. The old style registration plates, E.g. Y205 PJW. The last two letters tell us where the vehicle was registered; in this example it would be from Birmingham.The third method we used was a Pedestrian count. To do this we went to each of the sites, and for fifteen minutes we counted the number of pedestrians we could see. This was useful because it helped us to find which part of Ashbourne was the most popular. A problem with this method was that we were short of time.The fourth method we used was similar to the Pedestrian count, except it was a Traffic count. To do this we went to each of the sites, and for fifteen minutes we counted the number of vehicles that passed us. This was useful because it helped us to find which part of Ashbourne was the busiest. Again a problem with this method was that time was limited.Another method we used was an Environmental survey. This was done by observing how well maintained each site was. We rated the site from the condition it was in. This was useful because it also helped us decide which site was the busiest, and which site was the best looked after.We also did a questionnaire. We did this to give us an idea of the local peoples opinions. We stopped willing locals, and asked them a number of questions to find out how Ashbourne had changed and what they thought about the changes. A problem with this was that there was a limited age group because the younger members of the community were at school during our visit. Another limitation was that some of the answers were just opinions and not actual facts.The final method was our initiative task. For this task we chose to do another questionnaire, but different questions. We asked the local shopkeepers how and how much tourism had benefited their business. We asked this to give us an idea of how tourism had affected Ashbourne. Our initiative task could have been better by asking more questions and making the questions we had asked more detailed.Data InterpretationAppendix AWhen we arrived in Ashbourne the first thing we did was t he pedestrian count. We found out that in site one there were approximately 224 people in this area. In site two there were around 250 people in this area, this was the busiest site overall. In site three there were 200 people, in site four 145 people and in site five 132 people. In site six there were 168 people. I think that site two was the busiest because it was at the main point of Ashbourne. I think site five was the least busiest because it was the furthest away from site two and also on the outside of Ashbourne.Appendix BAfter doing our pedestrian count, we then took the registration numbers. We found out that out of each region 21-25 people had travelled from the South East and the East Midlands, 1-20 people had travelled from the West Midlands and Yorkshire, 11-15 people had travelled from the North West and 0-5 people had travelled from all the other regions. I think the most cars had travelled from the South East and the East Midlands because they are the nearest to Ashb ourne, and people travelling from these regions would pass through Ashbourne on their way to The Peak District.Appendix CAfter taking the registration numbers, we did our initiative task, which was a questionnaire for local shopkeepers. We asked 10 shopkeepers the 7 questions.The first question was ‘How long have you owned this shop?’ 1 person answered ‘Less than 5 Years’, 3 answered ‘5-10 years’, 3 answered ’11-15 years’ and 3 answers ’16+ years’. This shows that most shops in Ashbourne are more than five years old. The second question I asked was ‘Do you rely mainly on local shoppers or tourists and visitors?’ 5 people answers ‘Locals’, 2 said ‘Tourists/Visitors’ and 3 said ‘Both equally’. This shows that local people are more important to cater for than tourists and visitors. The third question asked ‘As tourism has increased do you believe crime has?â€⠄¢ 1 person answer ‘Yes’ and 9 answered ‘No’.This shows that crime is not high, even with an increase of tourism. The fourth question asked ‘From a business point, did you prefer living in Ashbourne before the increase in tourism?’ 1 person answered ‘Yes’, 7 people answered ‘No’ and 2 people said they ‘Live out of Ashbourne’. This shows that the majority of shopkeepers in Ashbourne are grateful for tourism and prefer having visitors. The fifth question asked ‘Due to the increase of tourism, do you believe your target audience has changed?’ 4 people answered ‘Yes’ and 6 answered ‘No’.This shows that the shopkeepers are more concerned about keeping the local people happy, rather than mainly tourists. The Sixth question asks ‘In which months do you have the most customers?’ 1 person answered ‘Jan-Mar’, 2 answered ‘Apr-Jun’, 6 answer ed ‘July-Sep’ and 1 answered ‘Oct-Dec’. This shows that the most customers are in the summer holidays, which is the time when there are going to be lots of tourists. The final question we asked, question seven, asked ‘On average how many customers do you have daily?’ 0 shopkeepers answered ‘5-10 customers’, 3 answered ’11-19 customers’ and 7 answered ’20+ customers’. This shows that there are normally quite a few customers, on a daily basis, all year round.Appendix DAfter doing our initiative task, we did a pedestrian count. In site one there were 55 pedestrians, in Site two 70 pedestrians, Site three 50, Site four 38 pedestrians, Site five 32 pedestrians and in Site six there were 42 pedestrians. This shows that site two is the busiest and site five is the least busy.Appendix EAfter doing the pedestrian count, we did a questionnaire for visitors of Ashbourne. The first question asked ‘What is the purpose of your visit here today?’ 32 people answered ‘Business’, 57 answered ‘Shop’, 45 people answered ‘Work’ and 28 answered ‘Other’. Most people had to come to Ashbourne to shop; this shows that it is a tourist town. Question two asked ‘How have you travelled here today? 116 people had travelled to Ashbourne by ‘Car’, 35 people had travelled by ‘Bus/Coach’, 42 people had ‘Walked’ and 13 had travelled by an ‘Other’ choice.The most popular use of travel was by car. This shows that lots of people must go to Ashbourne. Question three asked ‘How far have you travelled to get here?’ 107 people answered ‘0-10 miles’, 82 answered ’11-50 miles’ and 17 answered ’50+ miles’. This shows that the majority of people do not travel very far to Ashbourne. Question four asked ‘How often do you visit Ashbourne?’ 85 p eople answered ‘More than once a week’, 35 answered ‘Once a week’, 29 answered ‘Once a month’, 41 answered ‘Rarely’ and 16 answered ‘First visit’. Most people chose ‘Once a week’, this shows Ashbourne is popular. Question five asked ‘Do you think parking is a problem?’ 111 people answered ‘Yes’ and 95 answered ‘No’.The amount of answers from each question are quite similar, this shows that there is a mixed opinion. Question six asked ‘Do you think Ashbourne is mainly a tourist town, for local people or both?’ 55 answered ‘Tourists’, 36 answered ‘Local people’ and 115 answered ‘Serves both equally’. The majority believe that Ashbourne is a tourist town but just as much for local people. Question seven asked ‘Are there any changes you feel are needed in Ashbourne?’ 124 people answered ‘Yes’ an d 82 people answered ‘No’. This shows that there are some changes needed in Ashbourne. The final question, number 8 asked ‘What age group do you come into?’ 13 answered ‘0-16†², 27 answered ’17-30†², 48 answered ’31-50†², 49 answered ’51-65†² and 69 people answered ’65+’. This shows that the majority of people that come to Ashbourne are 65 and over.Appendix FAfter doing the questionnaire, we did the environment survey. In site one there wasn’t any litter, the roads and pavements were okay, there was lots of foliage, there was a few pieces of street furniture, a lot of traffic, not a lot of noise and lots of road signs. In site two there wasn’t any litter, the roads and pavements were okay, there was lots of foliage, there was no street furniture, a lot of traffic, not a lot of noise and lots of road signs. In site three there wasn’t any litter, the roads and pavements were oka y, there wasn’t any foliage, there was a few pieces of street furniture, a bit of traffic, lots of noise and lots of road signs.In site four there was a bit of litter, the roads and pavements were okay, there wasn’t any foliage, there was a few pieces of street furniture, a little bit of traffic, not a lot of noise and a few road signs. In site five there wasn’t any litter, the roads and pavements were okay, there wasn’t any foliage, there wasn’t any street furniture, a lot of traffic, lots of noise and a few road signs. In site six there wasn’t any litter, the roads and pavements were okay, there was a bit of foliage, there was a lot of street furniture, a lot of traffic, not a lot of noise and lots of road signs. Site 1 and site 6 were the best-kept sites.Appendix GFinally we did the vehicle count. Site 2 had the most vehicles, with a total of 147, then site 5 with 140, and then site 1 with 139 vehicles, then site 4 with 134 and finally wi th the smallest number of vehicle was site 3 with only 96. Site 2 had the most vehicles because it was the nearest to the busiest point of the biggest road, from all the sites. Methodology Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Many Colleges Dont Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas

Many Colleges Don't Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas A report commissioned by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) reveals that colleges are not requiring students to take courses in several core areas. And as a result, these students are less prepared to be successful in life. The report, â€Å"What Will They Learn?† surveyed students in over 1,100 U.S. colleges and universities – public and private – and found that an alarming number of them were taking â€Å"lightweight† courses to satisfy general education requirements. The report also found the following about the colleges: 96.8% don’t require economics 87.3% don’t require an intermediate foreign language 81.0% don’t require a basic U.S. history or government 38.1% don’t require college-level math 65.0% don’t require literature The 7 Core Areas What are the core areas identified by ACTA that college students should take classes in – and why? Composition: writing-intensive classes that focus on grammar Literature: observant reading and reflection that develops critical thinking skills Foreign language: to understand different cultures U.S. Government or History: to be responsible, knowledgeable citizens Economics: to understand how resources are connected globally Mathematics: to gain numeracy skills applicable in the workplace and in life Natural Sciences: to develop skills in experimentation and observation   Even some of the most highly-rated and expensive schools are not requiring students to take classes in these core areas. For example, one school that charges almost $50,000 a year in tuition does not require students to take classes in any of the 7 core areas. In fact, the study notes that the schools that receive an â€Å"F† grade based on how many core classes they require charge 43% higher tuition rates than the schools that receive a grade of â€Å"A.† Core Deficiencies So what’s causing the shift? The report notes that some professors prefer to teach classes related to their particular research area. And as a result, students end up choosing from a wide-ranging selection of courses. For example, at one college, while students are not required to take U.S. History or U.S. Government, they have an Intercultural Domestic Studies requirement that may include such courses as â€Å"Rock ‘n’ Roll in Cinema.†   To fulfill the economics requirement, students at one school can take, â€Å"The Economics of Star Trek,† while â€Å"Pets in Society† qualifies as a Social Sciences requirement. At another school, students can take â€Å"Music in American Culture† or â€Å"America Through Baseball† to fulfill their requirements. At another college, English majors don’t have to take a class devoted to Shakespeare.   Some schools don’t have any core requirements at all. One school notes that it â€Å"does not impose a particular course or subject on all students.† On one hand, perhaps its commendable that some colleges are not forcing students to take certain classes. On the other hand, are freshmen really in a position to decide which courses would be most beneficial to them? According to the ACTA report, close to 80% of freshmen don’t know what they want to major in. And another study, by EAB, found that 75% of students will change majors before they graduate. Some critics advocate not letting students choose a major until their second year.   If students aren’t even sure what degree they plan to pursue, it might be unrealistic to expect them – especially as freshmen – to effectively gauge which core classes they need to be successful. Another problem is that schools don’t update their catalogs on a regular basis, and when students and their parents are trying to determine the requirements, they may not be viewing accurate information. Also, some colleges and universities don’t even list definite courses in same cases. Instead there is a vague introductory phrase â€Å"courses may include,† so the classes listed in the catalog may or may not be offered. However, the glaring lack of information gained from taking college-level core classes is evident. A Payscale survey asked managers to identify the skills that they thought college grads lack the most. Among the responses, writing skills are identified as the top skill missing in action among college grads. Public speaking skills are in second place. But both of these skills could be developed if students were required to take core courses. In other surveys, employers have lamented the fact that college graduates don’t have critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills – all issues that would be addressed in a core curriculum. Other disturbing findings: 20% of students who graduated with a bachelor’s degree were unable to accurately calculate the costs of ordering office supplies, according to the National Survey of America’s College Students.   While schools, boards of trustees, and policy makers need to make the necessary adjustments to require a core curriculum, college students cannot wait for these changes. They (and their parents) must research schools as thoroughly as possible, and students must choose to take the classes they need instead of selecting lightweight courses.

Scapegoat, Scapegoating, and Scapegoat Theory

Scapegoat, Scapegoating, and Scapegoat Theory Scapegoating refers to a process by which a person or group is unfairly blamed for something that they didnt do and, as a result, the real source of the problem is either never seen or purposefully ignored. Sociologists have documented that scapegoating often occurs between groups when a society is plagued by long-term economic problems or when resources are scarce. Scapegoat theory is used in sociology and psychology as one way to intercept conflict and prejudice between individuals and groups. Origins of the Term The term scapegoat has Biblical origins, coming from the Book of Leviticus. In the book, a goat was sent into the desert carrying the sins of the community. So, a scapegoat was originally understood as a person or animal that symbolically absorbed the sins of others and carried them away from those who committed them. Scapegoats and Scapegoating in Sociology Sociologists recognize four different ways in which scapegoating takes place and scapegoats are created. Scapegoating can be a one-on-one phenomenon, in which one person blames another for something he/she or someone else did. This form of scapegoating is common among children, who blame a sibling or a friend for something they did, to avoid the shame of disappointing their parents and the punishment that might follow a misdeed.Scapegoating also occurs in a one-on-group manner, when one person blames a group for a problem they did not cause: wars, deaths, financial losses of one kind or another, and other personal struggles. This form of scapegoating may sometimes be unfairly blamed on racial, ethnic, religious, class, or anti-immigrant biases.Sometimes scapegoating takes a group-on-one form, when a group of people singles out and blames one person for a problem. For example, when the members of a sports team blame a player who made a mistake for the loss of a match, though other aspects of play also affected the outcome. Or, when someone who alleges an assault is then scapegoated by me mbers of the community for causing trouble or ruining the life of the attacker. Finally, and of most interest to sociologists, is the form of scapegoating that is group-on-group. This occurs when one group blames another for problems that the groups collectively experience, which might be economic or political in nature- like blaming a particular party for the Great Depression (1929-1939) or the Great Recession (2007-2009). This form of scapegoating often manifests across lines of race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin. The Scapegoat Theory of Intergroup Conflict Scapegoating of one group by another has been used throughout history, and still today, as a way to incorrectly explain why certain social, economic, or political problems exist and harm the group doing the scapegoating. Some sociologists say that their research shows that groups that scapegoat occupy a low socio-economic status in society and have little access to wealth and power. They say these people are often experiencing prolonged economic insecurity or poverty, and come to adopt shared outlooks and beliefs that have been documented to lead to prejudice and violence. Sociologists who embrace socialism as a political and economic theory argue that those in a low socioeconomic status are naturally inclined to scapegoat due to the unequal distribution of resources within the society. These sociologists place blame on capitalism as an economic model and exploitation of workers by a wealthy minority. However, these are not the viewpoints of all sociologists. As with any science involving theories, study, research, and conclusions- its not an exact science, and therefore there will be a variety of viewpoints.

Reformed Epistemology Insulates Religious Faith from Scientific Essay - 1

Reformed Epistemology Insulates Religious Faith from Scientific Scrutiny - Essay Example Religion also attempts to answer life’s existential questions in comforting, understandable ways. But does this all mean that religion is so mysterious in its nature that it must never be questioned, and that its doctrines take precedence over the laws by which we choose to be governed? This is the territory Leiter explores in his paper - at least, he explores it to the extent that religion brushes up against secular laws. It is an interesting point of view. We all know people whose religious affiliations have exempted them, from time to time, from duties or obligations that, had they not claimed a particular religious affiliation, they would have been expected to fulfill. And we, for the most part, in the name of freedom of religion, tolerate these exemptions. But why? Why are religious individuals accorded this toleration? And if we cannot answer this question, should we continue, in fact, to tolerate their exemptions, even in the face of no reasonable evidence? Any person who has taken an American history class or studied for his or her citizenship exam is well-acquainted with the Amendment concerning freedom of religion – but perhaps it is now time to re-evaluate the concept. Leiter would have us believe that the re-evaluation is long overdue. He even go es so far as to delineate a difference between toleration and respect. This paper will explore his logic, analyze some of his examples and draw a conclusion as to whether or not he has successfully made his case with regard to tolerating religion.

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management Essay

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management - Essay Example Policy Decisions and Influence on Financial Management There are many policy decisions factors that influence financial management. These include taxes, wars and financial influences, political changes and the stock markets, investments and accumulation goals. Taxes Taxes are the most popular and strongest influence given that it deals with use of money. Taxes are a way of generating revenue for the government (Hu, Li, Liu, Baolei, & Gaoling, 2012). Where the government or an organization overtaxes it’s people then enough money is available but citizens living below the poverty line in such a country may be highly impoverished due to heavy taxation .So for a government to manage its finance properly, then it must follow the laid down rules and regulations so that there can be a balanced change in the budget when taxes are increased (Choi, Kim, Sami, & McKenzie, 2012). Wars Political changes in a government structure may trigger wars such as post-election violence as witnessed in some countries. This will definitely affect the stock market of such a country and the spending behavior of its citizens and this affects businesses some of which come to stand still. This wave of political change affects financial management .If a country, company or an organization is involved in a trade with another such wars may affect financial management (Sara, 2011). Political Changes and the Stock Market Political parties in a country contribute immensely towards the economy of a country based on different concepts and perceptions of each .Some political parties can improve stock markets while they are in power while some may create a collapse to the economy. This affects businesses and financial management because shares are sold on the stock market and organizations and businesses use this money to improve their business. When there is less money there is less improvement and financial deficit is likely to be experienced. Concerning stock market, if a country is in rece ssion purchase of goods and services becomes less. Where less goods and services are purchased, then there will be less money in the business. With less money the financial manager will have to device new ways to produce their own goods, process them and market their own goods and services to generate income. Imposition of Bans At times a government may place bans on sales of goods which promote the economy of a country .Placement of such bans may result to decreased income which may cause instability in economy and consequently affect financial management. Positive Effect of the Policy The intended or positive effects of a government policy vary widely based on the type of an organization or company and the context in which they are made up. Due to this, policies should be carefully enacted to ensure their effectiveness. One of the positive benefits of these policies on government financial management include corporate purchasing policies which projects that all purchases above a c ertain value should be standardized by way of purchasing process (Brigham & Houston, 2011). This way, a country’s government can employ a standard purchasing through policy which enables a government or an organization to limit wastage and normalize purchasing. Other positive benefits include